{"id":14097,"date":"2024-05-30T02:50:21","date_gmt":"2024-05-30T00:50:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/?p=14097"},"modified":"2024-05-28T13:53:15","modified_gmt":"2024-05-28T11:53:15","slug":"israel-palestine-la-guerre-des-mots","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/2024\/05\/30\/israel-palestine-la-guerre-des-mots\/","title":{"rendered":"Isra\u00ebl-Palestine : la guerre des mots"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Apartheid, g\u00e9nocide, crime de guerre\u2026 Autant de termes pi\u00e9g\u00e9s qui contribuent aux divisions au sein de la gauche. D\u2019o\u00f9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de s\u2019entendre sur leur d\u00e9finition.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00c0\u00a0Gaza, l\u2019arm\u00e9e isra\u00e9lienne est-elle coupable de g\u00e9nocide<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>? Un apartheid est-il <\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span> l<\/span><\/span>\u2019\u0153<\/span><\/span>uvre en Cisjordanie<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>? Le conflit isra<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span>lo-palestinien est-il de nature coloniale<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>? Ces questions, les Palestiniens ne se les posent pas. Ils y ont r<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span>pondu depuis longtemps. Mais, en France, elles divisent la gauche. <\/span><\/span>La\u00a0France insoumise r\u00e9pond par l\u2019affirmative. Les Verts, eux, sont partag\u00e9s<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>. C\u2019est beaucoup plus compliqu\u00e9 au Parti socialiste, au tropisme historique pro-isra\u00e9lien. L\u2019un des hommes en pointe dans ce d\u00e9bat, le d\u00e9put\u00e9 socialiste de l\u2019Essonne J\u00e9r\u00f4me Guedj, nous dit ses craintes<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>Je n\u2019aime pas les concepts import\u00e9s.<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span> Ces mots qui viennent d\u2019une autre histoire. Il enfonce le clou<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>Si on dit qu\u2019Isra\u00ebl est un pays colonial qui commet un g\u00e9nocide et pratique l\u2019apartheid, on le d\u00e9l\u00e9gitime.<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span> La grande angoisse existentielle<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Et pourtant, la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 est t\u00eatue. L\u2019<\/span><\/span>apartheid<\/b><\/span><\/span> se d\u00e9finit bien comme <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>un syst<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/i><\/span><\/span>me de domination d<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span>un groupe racial sur un autre<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span>, et par la commission d\u2019<\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>actes inhumains tels que transferts forc<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span>s de population<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span>. Nous y sommes, et depuis longtemps. La question est plus complexe en ce qui concerne le <\/span><\/span>g\u00e9nocide<\/b><\/span><\/span>. La Convention pour la pr\u00e9vention et la r\u00e9pression du crime de g\u00e9nocide, en 1948, a introduit la notion d\u2019intentionnalit\u00e9. Il faut d\u00e9montrer que les auteurs des actes en question ont eu <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>l<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span>intention de d<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span>truire physiquement un groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span>. L\u00e0 encore, \u00e0 Gaza, nous n\u2019en sommes pas loin<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>: famine organis<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span>e, privation d<\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span>eau potable, destruction syst<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span>matique d<\/span><\/span>\u2019\u00e9<\/span><\/span>coles et d<\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span>h<\/span><\/span>\u00f4<\/span><\/span>pitaux. Ajoutons les d<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span>clarations de ministres comparant les Palestiniens <\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span> des animaux.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pourtant, les instances internationales h\u00e9sitent. Le 26\u00a0janvier, la Cour internationale de justice (CIJ) a reconnu le <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>risque plausible de g<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span>nocide<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span>. Saisie par l\u2019Afrique du Sud, la cour a jug\u00e9 qu\u2019Isra\u00ebl viole la convention de 1948 et demand\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9tat h\u00e9breu de prendre six mesures conservatoires pour pr\u00e9venir le risque de g\u00e9nocide. Aucune n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9e. La CIJ franchira-t-elle le pas<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>? Mais pour quel r<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span>sultat quand le coupable est <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>du c<\/span><\/span>\u00f4<\/span><\/span>t<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span> du manche<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/span><\/span> occidental<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>? Pour l<\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span>instant, on en reste donc aux qualifications de <\/span><\/span>crime de guerre<\/b><\/span><\/span> (\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>le fait de diriger intentionnellement des attaques contre la population civile<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span>)<\/i><\/span><\/span>, ou <\/span><\/span>crime contre l\u2019humanit\u00e9<\/b><\/span><\/span> (\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>dans le cadre d<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span>une attaque g<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span>n<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span>ralis<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span>e ou syst<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span>matique lanc<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span>e contre toute population civile<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span>),<\/i><\/span><\/span> qui viseront au moins autant le Hamas.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un autre mot a fait pol\u00e9mique au lendemain du 7\u00a0octobre<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>terrorisme<\/b><\/span><\/span>. Ceux qui ont refus\u00e9 cette caract\u00e9risation ont ni\u00e9 une \u00e9vidence. Mais l\u2019usage que le gouvernement isra\u00e9lien en a fait, interdisant toute contextualisation de l\u2019attaque, et amalgamant le Hamas \u00e0 Daech pour lui d\u00e9nier son identit\u00e9 palestinienne et gommer le caract\u00e8re colonial du conflit, est une bonne illustration de la manipulation des concepts. La v\u00e9rit\u00e9 est \u00e0 trouver sous la plume d\u2019Alain Gresh<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>Si l<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span>on qualifie le Hamas d<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span>organisation terroriste, il faut qualifier Isra<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00eb<\/i><\/span><\/span>l d<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2019\u00c9<\/i><\/span><\/span>tat terroriste<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span>(1)<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Quant au <\/span><\/span>colonialisme<\/b><\/span><\/span>, personne \u00e0 gauche n\u2019en conteste la r\u00e9alit\u00e9, mais \u00e0 condition que l\u2019on ne remonte pas trop le fil de l\u2019histoire. Car si Isra\u00ebl est un <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>fait colonial<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span>, comme l\u2019a analys\u00e9 d\u00e8s 1967 l\u2019orientaliste Maxime Rodinson, c\u2019est d\u00e9sormais un fait accompli qu\u2019on ne saurait remettre en cause. En revanche, la <\/span><\/span>colonisation intensive de la Cisjordanie<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>, assortie de <\/span><\/span>pogroms<\/b><\/span><\/span> (encore un mot \u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>import<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/span><\/span> que nous assumons), est l<\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span>obstacle majeur <\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span> la r<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span>solution du conflit. C<\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span>est bien l<\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span>installation de 700<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>000<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>colons sur les terres palestiniennes qui fait douter de la faisabilit<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span> d<\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span>un <\/span><\/span>\u00c9<\/span><\/span>tat palestinien disposant d<\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span>une continuit<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span> territoriale. Et c<\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span>est ce qui relance le d<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span>bat sur <\/span><\/span>l\u2019\u00c9tat binational<\/b><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019id\u00e9e est h\u00e9rit\u00e9e de grands penseurs juifs d\u2019avant-guerre, comme Martin Buber, Judah Magnes, puis Hannah Arendt. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 reprise en 1969 par le Fatah de Yasser Arafat. Elle s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la notion d\u2019\u00c9tat juif, et plus encore depuis la loi racialiste de juillet\u00a02018, qui a biff\u00e9 toute r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la d\u00e9mocratie. Elle est philosophiquement l\u2019id\u00e9e la plus \u00adhumaniste et la plus la\u00efque. Mais beaucoup de juifs y voient la destruction d\u2019Isra\u00ebl en tant qu\u2019\u00c9tat sp\u00e9cifiquement juif. Elle requiert donc un climat de confiance mutuelle et d\u2019acceptation du droit comme r\u00e9f\u00e9rence commune. Ce qui n\u2019est pas vraiment d\u2019actualit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Comme on le voit, c\u2019est le propre de ce conflit de proposer un lexique dont chaque terme est ambivalent. Ainsi, le mot central de cette longue histoire, <\/span><\/span>sionisme<\/b><\/span><\/span>, est lui-m\u00eame \u00e0 double sens. Sa dimension premi\u00e8re est coloniale. Mais la propagande isra\u00e9lienne, adopt\u00e9e par la doxa officielle, fran\u00e7aise notamment, en a fait un synonyme d\u2019Isra\u00ebl. Selon cette logique, \u00eatre antisioniste, c\u2019est vouloir la destruction d\u2019Isra\u00ebl. Il en va de ce mot comme de tous les autres<\/span><\/span>\u2009<\/span><\/span>: c<\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span>est la puissance dominante qui en dicte la signification. Et quiconque se hasarde <\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span> en revendiquer le sens premier est qualifi<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span> d<\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span>antis\u00e9mite<\/b><\/span><\/span>. Un terme dramatiquement condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 la perte de sens \u00e0 force de devenir l\u2019arme ultime de la propagande. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

** **<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sur le m\u00eame sujet<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.politis.fr\/articles\/2023\/05\/israel-et-lapartheid-palestine-regard<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.politis.fr\/articles\/2024\/02\/lula-netanyahou-gaza-genocide-le-mo<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.politis.fr\/articles\/2023\/02\/israel-le-tabou-colonial\/<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.politis.fr\/articles\/2024\/04\/jean-pierre-filiu-comment-la-palestin<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n

** **<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Note<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1 <\/span><\/span>Palestine. Un peuple qui ne veut pas mourir<\/i><\/span><\/span>, Alain Gresh, Les\u00a0Liens qui lib\u00e8rent, 2024. Nous\u00a0y reviendrons dans une\u00a0prochaine \u00e9dition.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Apartheid, g\u00e9nocide, crime de guerre\u2026 Autant de termes pi\u00e9g\u00e9s qui contribuent aux divisions au sein de la gauche. D\u2019o\u00f9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de s\u2019entendre sur leur d\u00e9finition.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14097","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14097","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14097"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14097\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14098,"href":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14097\/revisions\/14098"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14097"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14097"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14097"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}