{"id":14140,"date":"2024-06-12T02:23:03","date_gmt":"2024-06-12T00:23:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/?p=14140"},"modified":"2024-06-09T16:24:27","modified_gmt":"2024-06-09T14:24:27","slug":"decroissance-ou-barbarie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.quieryavenir.fr\/blog\/2024\/06\/12\/decroissance-ou-barbarie\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9croissance ou barbarie"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une analyse de Vincent Liegey dans la revue Esprit<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Depuis quelques ann\u00e9es, il ne se passe pas une semaine sans qu\u2019une personnalit\u00e9 politique de premier plan ne fasse une sortie m\u00e9diatique pour s\u2019attaquer de mani\u00e8re frontale \u00e0 la d\u00e9croissance. Jamais un droit de r\u00e9ponse n\u2019est donn\u00e9 \u00e0 un porte-parole ou penseur de cette id\u00e9e toujours malmen\u00e9e, distordue voire diabolis\u00e9e. Le d\u00e9but de l\u2019ann\u00e9e n\u2019a pas fait exception, notamment autour du mouvement des agriculteurs et dans la perspective des \u00e9lections europ\u00e9ennes en prenant une tournure parfois assez amusante. En effet, Emmanuel Macron et Jordan Bardella s\u2019accusent mutuellement d\u2019\u00eatre porteur de ce beau projet. Le 13 janvier, la t\u00eate de liste du Rassemblement national dans une interview dans le JDD d\u2019attaquer<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Toute l\u2019action de l\u2019actuelle pr\u00e9sidente de la Commission Europ\u00e9enne, avec le soutien d\u2019Emmanuel Macron, se r\u00e9sume en un mot<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>: D<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>croissance<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>1<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span> Un mois plus tard, le 24 f<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>vrier, en visite mouvement<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span> au Salon de l<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>agriculture, le Pr<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>sident de la R<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>publique lui r<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>pond<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>L\u2019agriculture fran\u00e7aise m\u00e9rite mieux que leur projet de d\u00e9croissance et de b\u00eatise<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00bb. Si seulement\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Naturellement, nulle part n\u2019est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 ce que l\u2019on entend derri\u00e8re le terme de d\u00e9croissance, qui, pourtant, est l\u2019objet depuis maintenant plus de deux d\u00e9cennies d\u2019une quantit\u00e9 impressionnante de publications universitaires, de livres, de documentaires, de colloques sans m\u00eame parler des initiatives citoyennes et politiques dans les tous les territoires. C\u2019est d\u2019autant plus dommageable qu\u2019elle ressort de plus en plus comme incontournable afin de s\u2019attaquer s\u00e9rieusement \u00e0 l\u2019effondrement environnemental, aussi bien par les scientifiques travaillant sur ces sujets<\/span><\/span><\/span>2<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u00a0que les citoyens. Une enqu\u00eate men\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s de pr\u00e8s de 800 chercheurs en politique climatique dans le monde entier a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que 73<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>% d’entre eux soutiennent les positions post-croissance (c’est-<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span>-dire l’a-croissance et la d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>croissance). Une autre <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>tude faite aupr<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/span><\/span><\/span>s de 500 sp<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>cialistes des enjeux de soutenabilit<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span> a r<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>v<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>l<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span> que 77<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>% d’entre eux pr<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>conisent des politiques de post-croissance dans les pays <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span> revenu <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>lev<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>. Plus surprenant, en rupture avec les non-d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>bats sur le sujet dans l’espace public, l<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>ADEME a publi\u00e9 une synth\u00e8se dans un dossier en janvier 2023 mettant en \u00e9vidence que \u00ab<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>93<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>% d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>sireraient revoir en partie ou compl<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>tement le syst<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>me <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>conomique et sortir du mythe de la croissance infinie. 83<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>% voudraient vivre dans une soci<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>t<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> o<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00f9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> la consommation prend moins de place, et 87<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>% estiment que plut<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00f4<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>t que d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>innover <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> tout prix, il faudrait revenir <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> l<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>essentiel et au bon sens<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>3<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Naissance d’un slogan provocateur\u00a0<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nous sommes au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2000. Des d\u00e9bats autour des enjeux environnementaux naissent, avec timidit\u00e9. On commence \u00e0 parler de changement climatique, un peu de l\u2019effondrement de la biodiversit\u00e9 ou encore des notions de pic p\u00e9trolier et \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>peak everything<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00bb. La dimension syst\u00e9mique de ces enjeux et leurs interconnexions ne sont pas encore \u00e0 l\u2019ordre du jour. Nous sommes dans la mondialisation \u00e9conomique triomphante avec l\u2019entr\u00e9e de la Chine dans l\u2019OMC. C\u2019est la fin de l\u2019histoire, et les perspectives de croissance sont fortes et infinies. Le slogan du d\u00e9veloppement durable, qui invite \u00e0 rendre compatible croissance et protection de la plan\u00e8te, s\u2019impose. \u00c0 contre-courant, un groupe d’activistes lyonnais, les casseurs de pub, va s\u2019emparer de ces d\u00e9bats et questionner les dynamiques dominantes. \u00c0 travers leur rencontre avec les r\u00e9seaux intellectuels et universitaires de la critique au d\u00e9veloppement et la lecture d\u2019anciens textes des ann\u00e9es 70, ils d\u00e9cident de lancer un slogan provocateur, pens\u00e9 comme un contre-pied au consensus ambiant<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>: la d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>croissance. En f<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>vrier 2002 la revue S!lence fait un num<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>ro sp<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>cial autour de ce terme pour le moins surprenant. D<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/span><\/span><\/span>s l<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>ditorial le ton est donn<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>La crise \u00e9cologique est avant tout le r\u00e9v\u00e9lateur de l\u2019impasse politique, culturelle, philosophique et spirituelle dans laquelle s\u2019enfonce notre civilisation. La guerre que livrent nos soci\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>modernes<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> la Terre est le reflet de la guerre que livre l<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>humain des pays riches <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> sa conscience. Conditionn<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> par d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>id<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>ologie de consommation, prisonnier d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>une foi aveugle en la science, notre monde cherche une r<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>ponse qui ne contrarierait pas son d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>sir exponentiel d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>objets et de services, tout en ayant bonne conscience. Le concept \u00e9thique de \u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>veloppement durable<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> a r<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>pondu <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> point <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> cette attente. Ce terme doit d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>sormais rejoindre sa place, c<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>est-<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>-dire le rayon des tartes <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> la cr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>me.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le texte est co-sign\u00e9 par Vincent Cheynet, ancien publicitaire. C\u2019est lui qui a l\u2019intuition de choisir, \u00e0 dessein, le terme de d\u00e9croissance pour au moins deux raisons. La premi\u00e8re, qui anticipe l\u2019\u00e9crasant greenwashing, balbutiant \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, depuis devenu l\u00e9gion, a pour objectif d\u2019\u00e9viter toute tentative de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration par le syst\u00e8me dominant. En effet, face aux prises de conscience autour des limites environnementales et sociales du syst\u00e8me dominant, le marketing a adapt\u00e9 ses messages en les int\u00e9grant, les vidant de leur sens. La seconde, en lien avec la premi\u00e8re, est de s\u2019attaquer directement au c\u0153ur de l\u2019id\u00e9ologie centrale<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>: la religion de la croissance. Ces deux intuitions se sont av<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>r<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>es justes.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Deux d\u00e9cennies plus tard, alors que six des limites plan\u00e9taires ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9pass\u00e9es, toutes les autres belles id\u00e9es, les concepts associ\u00e9s ou proches de la d\u00e9croissance se sont faits, les uns apr\u00e8s les autres, r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer, absorber, vider de leur sens profond. C\u2019est le cas de l\u2019\u00e9conomie du partage devenu l\u2019ub\u00e9risation du monde ou du dernier en date, la sobri\u00e9t\u00e9. \u00c0 la rentr\u00e9e 2022, apr\u00e8s une p\u00e9riode de s\u00e9cheresse et de canicule inqui\u00e9tante, et face \u00e0 des inqui\u00e9tudes de p\u00e9nurie li\u00e9e au contexte g\u00e9opolitique, le gouvernement d\u00e9cide de s\u2019emparer de cette tr\u00e8s vieille et belle notion pour mieux la d\u00e9voyer. Ainsi, \u00c9lisabeth Borne, alors Premi\u00e8re Ministre, de d\u00e9clarer que \u00ab<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>La sobri<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>t<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>nerg<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>tique, ce n’est pas produire moins et faire le choix de la d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>croissance<\/span><\/span><\/span>4<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span>. De m<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ea<\/span><\/span><\/span>me, plus de vingt ans plus tard, la religion de la croissance reste au c<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0153<\/span><\/span><\/span>ur de la pens<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>e dominante. Ainsi, lors de son discours d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>investiture, la m<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ea<\/span><\/span><\/span>me Premi<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/span><\/span><\/span>re Ministre, bien loin de ce qui dit la litt<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>rature scientifique, s<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>enferme dans cette croyance<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Je ne crois pas que cette r\u00e9volution climatique passera par la d\u00e9croissance.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00bb Elle s\u2019inscrit dans la continuit\u00e9 de son pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseur, Jean Castex<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Je crois \u00e0 la croissance \u00e9cologique, pas \u00e0 la d\u00e9croissance verte<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00bb. D\u2019ailleurs, si la d\u00e9croissance invite \u00e0 redescendre en de\u00e7\u00e0 des seuils de soutenabilit\u00e9 que nos \u00e9conomies ont d\u2019ores et d\u00e9j\u00e0 tr\u00e8s largement et de mani\u00e8re inqui\u00e9tante d\u00e9pass\u00e9s, elle est avant tout une invitation \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9croitre\u00a0\u00bb, \u00e0 sortir du logiciel \u00e9conomiciste. Cela est d\u2019autant n\u00e9cessaire que cette croyance en la croissance \u00e9conomique comme solution miracle \u00e0 tous nos probl\u00e8mes n\u2019est plus porteuse de bien-\u00eatre, d\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 ou de joie de vivre.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un enfermement id\u00e9ologique face \u00e0 des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s qui changent<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le 23 mai 2023, Emmanuel Macron re\u00e7oit \u00e0 d\u00e9jeuner, de mani\u00e8re confidentielle, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9lys\u00e9e, quatre sociologues afin de comprendre une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en pleine transformation. Ceux-ci lui expliquent calmement que, d\u2019apr\u00e8s leurs analyses, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 bouge culturellement vers ce que l\u2019on pourrait rapprocher de principes et questions port\u00e9es par la d\u00e9croissance<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Les gens veulent reprendre le pouvoir sur le temps. Ce n<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>est pas la quantit<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> de travail qui pose probl<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>me, mais l<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>absence de libert<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> de choix.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>; <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>La qu<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ea<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>te de sens ne touche pas que les d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>serteurs hyperdipl<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00f4<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>m<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>s, mais aussi le jeune peu qualifi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> en atelier ou le saisonnier <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> l<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>accueil du camping des Flots bleus<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>5<\/u><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/a>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>;<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0Le probl\u00e8me, c\u2019est que vous n\u2019avez pas de r\u00e9cit face \u00e0 la transition climatique\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0; \u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Il faut un r<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>cit qui embarque, sans accuser les Fran<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e7<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>ais de rester dans des transats. Ce n<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>est pas une crise, c<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>est une rupture de civilisation. On entre dans la civilisation <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>cologique.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Et de continuer<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0selon une \u00e9tude de l\u2019Observatoire des perspectives utopiques de 2022\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>[\u2026]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>la<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u201csoci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9cologique\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>recueille la pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence d\u2019une majorit\u00e9 de Fran\u00e7ais, dont les modes de vie \u00e9voluent vers la sobri\u00e9t\u00e9 ou les circuits courts.\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0; \u00ab\u00a0Les chercheurs d\u00e9fendent le rapport de Jean Pisani-Ferry qui pr\u00e9conise l\u2019endettement public et un imp\u00f4t sur le patrimoine financier des plus dot\u00e9s<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00bb et\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0il faut de freiner les sir\u00e8nes de la consommation<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>: r<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>guler la publicit<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, encourager les entreprises vers des mod<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>les moins d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>pendants des quantit<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>s.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>;<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>Cela pousse \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9coconception et \u00e0 occuper le temps \u00e0 autre chose, comme les loisirs actifs. C\u2019est l\u2019oppos\u00e9 de la valeur travail<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>!<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Malheureusement, ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments d’analyse sociologiques ne cadrent pas avec le logiciel du chef de l’\u00c9tat<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Avec l<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>industrie verte, on a pos<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> des jalons<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, r\u00e9pond-il, en pr\u00e9f\u00e9rant parler d\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>cologie de progr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>s<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0pour insister sur les gains de croissance \u00e0 venir, sans convaincre ses interlocuteurs. La pr\u00e9sentation continue, mais rien ne rentre, sauf un d\u00e9tail<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Un processus de d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>civilisation s<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>enclenche<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cette s\u00e9quence est repr\u00e9sentative de l\u2019incapacit\u00e9 d\u2019une certaine \u00e9lite \u00e0 comprendre les questions anthropologiques sous-jacentes aux enjeux de soci\u00e9t\u00e9 face \u00e0 la fin de ce mod\u00e8le civilisationnel toxico-d\u00e9pendant \u00e0 la croissance \u00e9conomique. On retrouve cette m\u00eame approche anachronique dans les mots du nouveau premier Ministre Gabriel Attal \u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e Nationale le 10 avril<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Je ne me livrerai jamais<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0[\u2026]<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00e0 une vision qui consiste \u00e0 expliquer \u00e0 notre g\u00e9n\u00e9ration qu\u2019elle est condamn\u00e9e \u00e0 vivre moins bien que les pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes pour prot\u00e9ger la plan\u00e8te et respecter l\u2019environnement.\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>[\u2026]<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0Plut\u00f4t qu\u2019interdire la voiture, je pr\u00e9f\u00e8re que des usines de batteries \u00e9lectriques ouvrent \u00e0 Dunkerque\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>[\u2026]<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0Plut\u00f4t qu\u2019interdire l\u2019avion pour tout le monde, je pr\u00e9f\u00e8re qu\u2019on investisse pour l\u2019avion bas carbone et l\u2019avion du futur.\u00a0<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>[\u2026]<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0Plut\u00f4t que de dire<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>: <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Il faut \u00eatre dans la d\u00e9production, dans la d\u00e9croissance, fermer des usines et faire perdre des emplois<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d, je pr\u00e9f\u00e8re agir pour une \u00e9conomie qui respecte le climat.\u00a0\u00bb<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0D\u00e9croissance, d\u00e9mocratie et justice sociale<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Parler de d\u00e9croissance implique deux conditions majeures et coh\u00e9rentes<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>: l<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>exigence de d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>mocratie et celle de justice sociale. C<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>est l<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span> que se situent les points de blocage et, de plus en plus visible, le risque d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>un alignement politique vers l<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>extr<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ea<\/span><\/span><\/span>me-droite et contre la d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>croissance. Comme le montrent les <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>tudes, les citoyens sont pr<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00ea<\/span><\/span><\/span>ts <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span> changer <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span> condition d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019\u00ea<\/span><\/span><\/span>tre partie prenante de ces questions autour de nos besoins fondamentaux de la mani<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/span><\/span><\/span>re d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>y r<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>pondre de mani<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/span><\/span><\/span>re soutenable, partag<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>e et conviviale. L\u2019exp\u00e9rience des conventions citoyennes pour le climat, d\u2019abord en France \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle nationale puis d\u00e9clin\u00e9es dans d\u2019autres territoires montre que les mesures propos\u00e9es par les citoyens sont bien plus radicales et ambitieuses que ce que gouvernement ou partis politiques proposent<\/span><\/span><\/span>6<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/a>. La question de la justice sociale est \u00e9galement centrale, car s\u2019emparer de mani\u00e8re s\u00e9rieuse de la sobri\u00e9t\u00e9, donc produire moins, passe par des politiques ambitieuses de redistribution. Et c\u2019est l\u00e0 que la fin de la croissance se heurte \u00e0 un blocage violent de la part des gagnants de l\u2019actuel syst\u00e8me \u00e9conomique. La perspective de croissance a toujours permis de remettre \u00e0 plus tard la question des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de croissance sans croissance est une trag\u00e9die sociale et politique non souhaitable<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il s\u2019agit aujourd\u2019hui de choisir entre deux chemins<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>: d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>croissance choisie ou r<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>cession subie. La d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>croissance invite <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span> rompre de mani<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e8<\/span><\/span><\/span>re d\u00e9mocratique, juste et \u00e9mancipatrice, avec un syst\u00e8me \u00e9conomique mais aussi culturel et politique. Une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de croissance sans croissance est une trag\u00e9die sociale et politique non souhaitable. Pour diverses raisons objectives et objectiv\u00e9es, la fin de la croissance est n\u00e9cessaire, in\u00e9luctable, souhaitable et souhait\u00e9e. Elle est n\u00e9cessaire car le d\u00e9couplage entre croissance \u00e9conomique et impacts environnementaux n\u2019a pas eu lieu, et est peu vraisemblable. Continuer \u00e0 parier sur celui-ci est trop risqu\u00e9, et nous embarque vers un ab\u00eeme environnemental. M\u00eame s\u2019il \u00e9tait possible, il n\u2019en demeure pas moins que les ressources sont finies, aussi bien fossiles, dont nous continuons \u00e0 d\u00e9pendre \u00e0 80%, que min\u00e9rales ou naturelles sur lesquelles les tensions sont toujours plus fortes (cuivre, lithium, eau, etc.).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Moins mis en avant et c\u2019est regrettable, la fin de la croissance est souhaitable, tant celle-ci est dor\u00e9navant contre-productive en termes de bien-\u00eatre, vivre ensemble, autonomie ou qu\u00eate de sens. L\u2019intelligence, les bienfaits du progr\u00e8s sont happ\u00e9s par des logiques marchandes et ne sont pas mis \u00e0 profit pour toutes et tous. Enfin, et les enqu\u00eates se succ\u00e8dent et convergent, de plus en plus de citoyennes et citoyens aspirent \u00e0 rompre avec ce mod\u00e8le consum\u00e9riste<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>: plus de sobri<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>t<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>, de partage, de temps choisi, d\u2019activit\u00e9s \u00e9mancipatrices et riches de sens tout en prenant en compte les limites plan\u00e9taires toujours plus comprises. Ces dynamiques semblent \u00eatre conditionn\u00e9es \u00e0 deux pr\u00e9alables<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u202f<\/span><\/span><\/span>: que l<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>effort soit justement partag<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span> et que les d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>cisions soient vraiment d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>mocratiques. C<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>est ce que propose la d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>croissance <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span> travers son projet d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span>mocratique de justice sociale et environnementale. C’est tout le contraire de ce que nous impose une oligarchie minoritaire en nombre d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>individus, mais surpuissante en termes d<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>impacts soci\u00e9taux. La concentration \u00e9conomique dans les mains de quelques-uns pervertit nos d\u00e9mocraties limit\u00e9es au seul outil repr\u00e9sentatif. L\u2019enjeu pour la d\u00e9croissance, et de mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale les aspirations porteuses d’ambition \u00e9mancipatrice, de justice sociale et environnementale, est de cr\u00e9er des contre-pouvoir face \u00e0 cette situation inqui\u00e9tante o\u00f9 des minorit\u00e9s imposent le contenu des d\u00e9bats au lieu de cr\u00e9er les conditions de dynamiques d\u00e9mocratiques d\u00e9lib\u00e9ratives et participatives vers des futurs souhaitables. Les solutions sont l\u00e0, les aspirations \u00e0 changer sont fortes, les blocages syst\u00e9miques inqui\u00e9tants. D\u00e9croissance ou barbarie, telle est la question.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vincent Liegey est ing\u00e9nieur, chercheur interdisciplinaire, essayiste et conf\u00e9rencier autour de la D\u00e9croissance, co-coordinateur de la coop\u00e9rative sociale Cargonomia, et co-auteur de<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0Sobri\u00e9t\u00e9 (La Vraie) : Mode d’Emploi<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0et de\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>D\u00e9croissance, Fake or Not<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0(Tana Editions, 2023 et 2021).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Notes<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n